Type of Cell

Cell is the structural & functional unit of living organism. Type of cell: On the basis of the structure of nucleus cell is of two types – Prokaryotic cell (e.g Bacteria) Eukaryotic cell (e.g Human cell) On the basis of physiological function cell is of two types - Somatic cell (Body cell) Sex cell (Reproductive cell) Function of a cell:  1. Function & assimilation – the process by which food substances are taken into the cells of the body after they have been digested & absorbed. 2. Growth & repair – Development & regeneration of organs. 3. Metabolism – the sum of all the chemical & physical changes that takes place within the body. 4. Respiration – the process of gaseous exchange. 5....

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Types of Tissue

Collection of cell having similar structure & performing a common physiological function is called tissue. Types of Tissue: Epithelial tissue: Covering the external & internal body surfaces. e.g. – Skin, internal covering of GIT. Connective tissue: Connects different structures of the body & also helps to provide framework of the body. e.g. – Blood, Bones. Muscular tissue;: Muscular tissues make up the major part of the soft tissues of the body & by means of its contraction power helps in locomotion. e.g. – Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle. Nervous tissue: Nervous tissue is highly specialized tissue which controls & co-ordinates the body functions by forming nervous system....

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The Human Ear

The ear is the organ of hearing & also plays an important part in the maintenance of balance. It has three parts- outer, middle & inner. The outer ear consists of ear canal & eardrum. The middle ear consists of ear ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes), Eustachian tube & Cavity. The inner ear consist of semicircular canals, fenestra ovalis, vestibule cochlear nerve, fenestra rotunda &  cochlea. The Ear ...

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The Human Eye

The eye is the organ of sight & is situated in the orbit which protects it from injury. The eye is spherical in shape & embedded in fat. it has three coats – the outer fibrous coat, the middle vascular coat & the inner nervous coat. the outer coat consist of Sclera, Conjunctiva & Cornea. the middle coat consist Choroid, Cilliary body & Iris. The inner coat is Retina. Human Eye ...

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The Human Skin

The skin is one of the human body’s largest organs. Skin contains sensory devices that monitor the external environment. The nerves in skin receive the stimuli that are then interpreted by the brain as touch, heat, & cold. Skin is composed of three layers: 1. Epidermis -               the outer layer. 2. Dermis -                   the middle layer. 3. Subcutaneous -         the inner layer.   ...

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The Human Heart

The heart is a conical, hollow muscular organ. It is a central pumping station. I t pumps blood to all parts of the body. It is covered with a thin cover – Pericardium. Features: Four chambers Left atrium Right atrium Left ventricle & RIght ventricle Four valves Pulmonary, Tricuspid, Mitral& Aortic valves. Three layers Epicardium (outer) Myocardium (middle) & Endocardium (inner)   Interior View of the HEART...

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Organ

Definition Collection of tissues united together to perform a particular function is called organ...

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11 System of the Human body

When a number of organs work together in the body to perform a general function the then it is called a system. Organ work in a coordinated way as a member of the system. There are 11 Systems of the Human body. 1. Skeletal System : Functions – Protection/Support.                               Organs - All bones of the body. 2. Muscular System : Functions - Movement                                Organs - Muscles of the limbs & Trunks. 3. Digestive System ...

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What is Microbiology

Microbiology: is the study of living organism of microscopic size (Microorganisms). Microorganisms: Microorganisms are minute living body not perceptible to the naked eye, e.g. bacteria Classification of microorganisms: microbiology consists of five groups of organisms- 1. Bacteria 2. Virus 3. Protozoa 4. Algae 5. Fungi Living cells are divided into two major types – Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, on the basis of their genetic organization. Prokaryotes: 1. In prokaryotes the DNA is free in the cytoplasm. 2. Prokaryotic cell do not contain membrance–bound organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts, as eukaryotes do. 3. Bacteria (including the blue green “algae”) are prokaryotes. Eukaryotes: Definite nucleus in the cell i.e. nucleus surrounded by membrane. 1....

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Bacteriology

Bacteriology – Science that deals with Bacteria. Bacteriology - A unicellular organisms without a true nucleus. Mycoplasmas are bacteria that have no cell wall and therefore have no definite shape. Internal Structure Bacteria have a very simple internal structure, and no membrane-bound organelles. Nucleoid: DNA in the bacterial cell is generally confined to this central region. Though it isn’t bounded by a membrane, it is visibly distinct (by transmission microscopy) from the rest of the cell interior. DNA- Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid is single long circular molecule. It contains all genetic information for the structure & function of a bacterium under its optimum conditions. Ribosome Ribosome gives the cytoplasm of bacteria...

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Mycology

Mycology – Science that deals with Fungi. Fungi Fungi are hererotrophic organism & generally multicellular & filamentous. Mostly they are Gram positive & non pathogenic. Only a few are pathogenic & can cause diseases in plants, man & animals. Fungi comprise the moulds & yeast. Whereas moulds are filamentous & multicelular, yeasts are usually unicellular. Characteristics of Fungi: 1, Nucleated 2, Spore bearing protistas 3, Lack of chlorophyll 4, Reproduce both sexually & asexually. 5, Somatic cell walls composed of polysaccharide. 6, Saprophytic 7, Wide spread disease producing Classification of Fungi: 1, Moulds (Dermatophytes) 2, Yeast (Cryptococcus neoformans) 3, Yeast like fungi (Candida...

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DNA and RNA Virus

Virology – Science that deals with Virus. Virus Viruses are unique group of living agents extremely small in size, usually beyond the resolution of light microscope, posses’ higher state of parasitism & may be responsible for a wide range of infections. They do not have nucleus but they have nuclear material like DNA & RNA. These are nucleic acids. These RNA & DNA are covered by capsid. Other than nucleic acids viruses also contain protein, fat & carbohydrate. Types of Virus DNA virus: 1, Pox Virus 2, Herpes virus 3, Adeno virus RNA virus: 1, Parmayxo virus 2, Picoma virus 3, Rhabdo virus 4, Retro virus 5, Human lmmune Deficiency virus (HIV)...

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Cefixime Injection

Trade name:  loxime injection GENERIC NAME: Cefixime BP THERAPEUTIC CLASS: Antibacterial (3rd generation Cephalosporin) DESCRIPTION: Cefixime BP is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other   third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and gram negative bacteria. 1st generation cephalosporins: First generation cephalosporins are moderate spectrum agents, with a spectrum of activity that includes penecillinase-producing, methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and streptococci, though they are not the drugs of choice for such infactions. E.g. Cefadroxi (Sefadol), Cephradine (Dolocef), ceftezole etc. 2nd generation cephalosporins : The second  generation cephalosporins have grater Gram-negative spectrum...

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